Development of Microprocessor Based Automatic Gate

Development of Microprocessor Based Automatic Gate ABSTRACT In this paper, we give detailed information about development of microprocessor based automatic gate. In common gate operations many times troubles will occur, using microprocessor based automatic gate, we can completely remove these troubles easily. We are going to use this automatic gate in Automatic Car Parking. The automatic gate senses vehicle which they come near to it. It automatically opens, wait for a definite time, and closes after the time has passed. This system can also regularly check the number of vehicle that entered the parking area and calculate the available space limit of the area. The automatic gate developed in this paper is controlled by software, which can be modified any time whenever the system needs the change. Keywords: automatic gate, microprocessor, automobile, traffic controllers. INTRODUCTION Need of automatic gate is rapidly increasing day by day. This system described the use of microprocessor as a controller. This automatic gate is nothing but the alternative of manual gate. Manual systems are costly, time consuming. Micro controlled gate are  used in making sound system, Robot, automatic breaking system, etc. This automatic gate can be used in parking of residential home, organization, in public car parking. This system consists of an automatic remote control to open and close the door for parking. It opens the door only when the space is there. The automatic gate which is used here is not for security purpose. It is just developed to eliminate the problems which are faced by the older manual method. SYSTEM OVERVIEW The system presented here is microprocessor based automatic gate. Here microprocessor is used to control the sensor which gives the information about space limit. This system opens, wait and closes door for car. And counts the number of car entered or exit. This system consists of trigger circuit, sensor, CPU and memory module, display, gate and power supply unit. First sensor gives input signal to system. The sensor is optical when the car cross it then the signal is HIGH otherwise it is LOW. Trigger is responsible for the HIGH and LOW signals. This trigger coverts the analog signal to digital. If the signal is HIGH then trigger sends the signal to interface unit. Then the car enters the parking. If the signal is LOW then the car never enters to the parking area. Power supply unit supplies DC voltage for system. Block diagram of system HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGN The system design is divided into two parts: Hardware design. Software design. Hardware design Sensor unit Trigger circuit CPU module Memory module Display unit Gate control unit Power supply unit 1. Sensor Unit:- It is an optical sensor; this is the light dependent register. This will change its resistance with intensity of light. In this system we use ORP12 it is called as dark resistance of 10ÃŽ ©. When light ray are focused then resistance is low and if lights are disturbed, resistance will start increasing to dark resistance. Two pair of resister is used one for entrance gate and another for exit gate. Sensor unit send output to trigger circuit. When light ray focused output voltage is v01 and v02. And when light is getting interrupted then the voltage increases to 5v. 2. Trigger Circuit:- This is made up of trigger, two input NAND gate. This receives the output from sensor unit. If there is output from sensor unit then only trigger circuit go HIGH, otherwise it remains at LOW level. 3. CPU Module:- This provides system clock, reset and access to address data and control bus. Additional circuits are used which are: Clock circuit. Reset circuit. Clock circuit: Crystal Oscillator is used to implement clock circuit. Cristal oscillator is more reliable for the high level output voltage. In this design the CPU which is used, has a clock cycle. Thus we use crystal oscillator and is pass through flip flop. Reset Circuit: After the power is supplied this circuit initializes CPU if Halt occurs. If the CPU is reset the execution starts. It will clear the interrupt. 4. Memory Module:- In this module two techniques are used linear select and fully decoding technique. In linear select each bit select a device, can be done with small system. Doesn’t need any decoding hardware, but it is time consuming. In fully decoding memory address is required to select memory device. Address Decoder: It tells about space in memory to allocate the address pointed by microprocessor. In this combinational circuits are used. It can enable multiple inputs. When all enables are active then only decoder has active low outputs. 5. Display Unit:- Display unit uses the decimal and hexadecimal format for displaying purpose. Display unit consists of- Z80 PIO: It provides 8-bit I/O port. It needs a driver to fed output to 7-segment display. Whenever a vehicle crosses the gate, this unit send signal to driver. BCD to 7 segment decoder: For displaying decimal digit, decoder is used to take 4-bit BCD input. 7-segment display 6. Gate Control Unit:- Gate control unit is made up of PNP and NPN transistor Diodes Motor. Transistors are used to control opening of gate through motor. There is time interval of 10 seconds between opening and closing of gate. Diodes are used to protect transistor from reverse bias register to improve switching line. A DC Motor is used to control opening and closing of gate. 7. Power Supply Unit:- Power supply unit designed is 5v DC and is doesn’t change even if there is variation in AC voltage. Component of power supply unit is:- Transformer: 220 or 240 transformer. Diode: converts AC current to DC. Filter Capacitor: used to reduce ripple voltage. Regulator: it receives DC input, and return it as the output Software design Software design is referred as the coding. Here we have to program the system. Program modules are: Main Program Sensor Subroutine Delay Subroutine Output Subroutine Steps involving in software design: Algorithm Flow Chart Coding Algorithm START 1. cnt1 = 0, cnt2 = 0, lim = 20 2. Read the sensor bit 3. Compare sensor bit with entry code and exit code. a. If sensor bit = entry code then goto step 5 b. Elseif sensor bit = exit code then goto step 6 4. Go to step 2 5. a. Open, wait and close b. Increment cnt1 and display c. Go to step 7 6a.Open, wait and close b. Increment cnt2 and display 7. Subtract cnt2 from cnt1 8. Compare result with lim a. If result = lim then step 9 b. Else go to step 2 9. Fetch sensor bit 10. Compare sensor bit a. If status = exit code then step6 b. Else raise alarm 11. Goto step 9. CONCLUSION By this system with the help of microcontroller gate project’s goal is achieved. The design can be applicable for any kind of system which needs sensor. In this system sensor plays the important part to this parking system. For effectiveness one should have the proper knowledge about the sensor, microprocessor, and assembly language. The sensor works effectively if operates in high intensity of light. This automatic gate can be used in organization; public car park etc. and this system don’t make for any security purpose.

Leg 100 Quiz 1 Essay

Question 1 5 out of 5 points Correct Which of the following is a type of law referencing formal rules embodied in judicial decisions rendered by courts? Answer Selected Answer: Public Correct Answer: Public Question 2 5 out of 5 points Correct Which of the following is not one of the four primary public policy objectives furthered by laws and regulations applicable to U.S. business? Answer Selected Answer: Promoting governmental regulation Correct Answer: Promoting governmental regulation Question 3 5 out of 5 points Correct Which of the following was enacted after widespread abuses in the subprime mortgage market? Answer Selected Answer: The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 Correct Answer: The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 Question 4 0 out of 5 points Incorrect Which of the following is a type of law referencing formal rules embodied in constitutions and statutes enacted by legislatures? Answer Selected Answer: Substantive Correct Answer: Public Question 5 5 out of 5 points Correct The ______ approach to business and society introduced in the text is a descriptive framework that integrates legal and societal considerations with mainstream theories of competitive advantage and social responsibility. Answer Selected Answer: Systems Correct Answer: Systems Question 6 5 out of 5 points Correct Managers can make their own ______ law by entering into contracts and crafting certain governance structures. Answer Selected Answer: Private Correct Answer: Private Question 7 5 out of 5 points Correct Which of the following was created by food advertisers in an attempt to halt government regulation aimed at stopping marketing preying on children’s vulnerability? Answer Selected Answer: The Children’s Advertising Review Unit Correct Answer: The Children’s Advertising Review Unit Question 8 5 out of 5 points Correct The â€Å"systems approach† to business and society builds on which of the following stakeholder theory insights? Answer Selected Answer: That firms have relationships with many constituent groups, which both affect and are affected by the actions of the firm. Correct Answer: That firms have relationships with many constituent groups, which both affect and are affected by the actions of the firm. Question 9 0 out of 5 points Incorrect Which of the following is listed in the text as a component of managing risk when assembling a team in business development? Answer Selected Answer: Purposefully refusing to address issues such as sexual harassment Correct Answer: Analyzing any covenants not to compete Question 10 0 out of 5 points Incorrect Which of the following is an advocacy group that has lobbied against marketing to children? Answer Selected Answer: The Alliance to Ban Advertising Targeting Children Correct Answer: The Center for Science in the Public Interest Question 11 5 out of 5 points Correct Which of the following is part of Kant’s categorical imperative? Answer Selected Answer: The form of an action rather than the intended result determines the ethical worth. Correct Answer: The form of an action rather than the intended result determines the ethical worth. Question 12 0 out of 5 points Incorrect Which of the following illustrates that corporate conduct violating society’s expectations can result in new forms of regulation without regard for feasibility or cost? Answer Selected Answer: The Corporate and Securities Reform and Retribution Consumer Protection Act of 2011 Correct Answer: The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 Question 13 5 out of 5 points Correct Nobel prize winner Milton Friedman asserts that â€Å"social responsibility† is a fundamentally ____________ doctrine. Answer Selected Answer: subversive Correct Answer: subversive Question 14 5 out of 5 points Correct In which of the following are a majority of Fortune 500 companies incorporated? Answer Selected Answer: Delaware Correct Answer: Delaware Question 15 0 out of 5 points Incorrect Which of the following is a stakeholder of a corporation? Answer Selected Answer: Employees and customers, but not managers Correct Answer: Customers, employees and managers Question 16 5 out of 5 points Correct Which of the following are the three main theories under the comparative justice framework? Answer Selected Answer: Distributive, compensatory, and retributive Correct Answer: Distributive, compensatory, and retributive Question 17 5 out of 5 points Correct According to the Delaware Supreme Court, when does the role of a director shift from being a â€Å"protector of the corporate bastion† to being an â€Å"auctioneer† charged with obtaining the highest realizable short-term value for the shareholders? Answer Selected Answer: Only when the breakup of the corporation or a change of control has become inevitable Correct Answer: Only when the breakup of the corporation or a change of control has become inevitable Question 18 0 out of 5 points Incorrect Which of the following is not an example of St. Thomas Aquinas’ requirements for a law to be just? Answer Selected Answer: The law must be consonant with a reasoned determination of the universal good. Correct Answer: The law must be formed to promote a private benefit to the majority. Question 19 5 out of 5 points Correct Monica tells all her employees that she expects them to treat others as they would like to be treated. Which of following is a descriptive term for Monica’s requirement? Answer Selected Answer: The Golden Rule Correct Answer: The Golden Rule Question 20 0 out of 5 points Incorrect Which of the following is the group given the ultimate legal authority to change management? Answer Selected Answer: Human resource managers Correct Answer: Shareholders

A Brief Introduction for Chinese Culture

A brief introduction for Chinese culture Cultural background China, as one of the four homes of the world’s earliest civilization, has a recorded history of nearly 4,000 years. Through centuries of migration, merging and development, it has formed a distinctive system of language, writing, philosophy, art and political organization, which came to be recognized as Chinese culture. It originated from Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasty, which was known as slave culture period. Xia culture represented the early Chinese culture and Zhou culture contributed to the form of more than 2000 years of feudalism culture in China.The May 4th Movement of 1919 was also an important date because it symbolized that it entered into a new culture period. In the spring and autumn and warring-states period, slave society gradually turned into feudalism society and a lot of thinkers sprang up with their immortal work. Among those, Confucianism was the most successful, which helped to build up the norms and values of Chinese people in the following centuries and also was used as a method for emperors to rule the country.However, after the fall of Qing dynasty, the last feudalism dynasty, Confucianism, which was seen as the product of feudalism society lose its dominant position. But its influence still lasts until now. Besides Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism also once played an important role in ancient Chinese. Nevertheless, nowadays most of Chinese are atheists. Buddhism is the biggest religion in China with a history of about 2,000 years. Then Muslim comes the second. It is popular within minority nationalities such as Hui and Uygur.Christianism and Catholicism are also believed in by some people. However, Taoism as indigenous religion has the fewest followers. Moreover, China is a multi-national country with quiet different 56 groups, in which Han has the largest population. Every group has its own language, customs, festivals and some fixed residence. In order to solve the prob lems of communication between groups and facilitates management, the government standardized language through popularizing mandarin, which is mostly based on Beijing dialect. Cultural valuesThe development of Chinese values can be divided into two phrases:the former is the traditional cultural values; the latter is modern cultural values, which is affected by the western culture since the 20th century. Confucianism is the core element in traditional values. Deeply influenced by Confucianism , Chinese people tightly adhere to the Doctrine of Mean and try to avoid conflicts. Afterwards, with time going by, Confucianism experienced improvements by combining with Taoism and Buddhism. In this period, Confucianism focused on human, for example, the relationship between human and human, human and nature and so on.Under the influence of the above factors, Chinese traditional values can be concluded into the following aspects: -believe in self struggle ‘Man’s determination can c onquer the nature’ is an old Chinese saying. Chinese people believe that through their efforts they can change their life. -emphasis on the art of tolerance Tolerance is another characteristic for Chinese nation. Chinese people won’t be easily infuriated by others. They are used to avoid conflicts and keep peace. It seems to be a little cowardly . But the truth is that many great men succeed because of temporary tolerance . -follow the majorityThis is still a serious problem in today’s society. Conformist mentality has proved to have negative effect on building up one’s confidence and independence. People are not willing to express its own opinion to keep conformity with the majority and become passive. -respect the old Respect for the old is a Chinese traditional virtue. Not like western individual consciousness, Chinese parents think it’s their duty to look after their children and do all that they can do for them. So when children grow up, they tend to be grateful for their parents’ contribution. As a result, the old enjoy a high position in the family.Moreover, since the old experience much more than the young, young people are willing to listen to their opinions when making decision. -collectivism This means that Chinese, in general, is a collective society that strives for harmony and group belonging, whether to family, friends, work, or country. The Chinese are more willing to suppress their own feelings and needs for the good of the group. This value has been passed down the Chinese culture from folklores where martyrs sacrificed their lives for their community or country ever since the dynastical eras 5,000 years ago.The arrival of western cultural value stroke Chinese traditional culture values and helped to discard some backward or bad parts of traditional values. Moreover, it also brought something new such as freedom, charity, democracy and etc. Cultural norms -saving face and losing face ‘Fcaeâ€⠄¢ stands for one’s position in a certain social group. It’s related to honor, good reputation or respect. Consequently, loss of face is not simply a form of embarrassment. Saving face is another concept. Chinese people respect a person who is friendly and who carefully avoids hurting the feelings of others.Loud, untactful or boisterous behavior is usually regarded as very poor taste. – greeting When meeting for the first time, a handshake is the most common greeting. In order to express some special esteem, to those elderly people or government officials, a slight bow might be given. -gift When visiting a family it is appropriate to bring a small gift, such as fruits, to the host, especially around New Year’s time. Gifts should be given and received with both hands. It is also a Chinese custom when receiving a gift to thank you for it and then place it to the side without opening it. eating  ·Chopsticks and a soup spoon are common eating utensils. Food is not passed around the table, but remains in the center. The host usually chooses the food for his guests and serves it to them from the central dishes on the table.  ·Refusing to drink is sometimes thought as dishonor to the people who toast to you. -relationship (guan-xi) Guan xi is a Chinese word which means relationship. One’s guan-xi, is an important factor in the individual’s social status. It is also an important Chinese business element.Having a right guan xi helps companies to minimize the risks, frustrations, and disappointments. Guan-xi relationship, like face behavior, is obligation between individuals for the purpose of maintenance of group integrity. -parents dominant Parents are accustomed to interfering children’s decision and sometimes just determine for them regardless of their own wishes. -look down on girls In some remote areas, the natives still prefer boys to girls. If a family has two children and they can’t afford the educatio n fees for both of them, the boy will have more chance to go to school.Ways of communication -nonverbal communication Chinese is a high context country. Nonverbal communication is as common as verbal communication. Nonverbal communication includes facial expression, tones of voice , gestures, and eye contact. They’re quiet important in Chinese daily life and sometimes it is even more powerful than the verbal interaction. Different gestures have different meanings. Due to different cultural background, even the same gesture has different meaning for people in certain context. -avoid speaking directly Speaking directly is often considered rudeness.Try to be â€Å"diplomatic† and tactful where possible, as the Chinese may be offended by directness in some situations. For example, it is a terrible thing to be criticized in public due to the fact that harmony is highly valued in Chinese society. -conversation tips Find some common areas to talk about such as family, sports and etc. Don’t verbally attack China and be careful about criticizing things there, as many Chinese will feel personally attacked by this. Avoid political arguments, as many Chinese feel reluctant to speak or explore their true opinion about the current government. saying â€Å"Thank you† â€Å"Thank you† is said a lot less than in the West. In a lot of instances, for example when someone opens a door for you or passes the soy sauce, saying â€Å"thank you† is seen as being over polite and without meaning, and is often met with requests for you not to be so polite (over-polite). -saying â€Å"Excuse me† â€Å"Excuse me† is not used as often in China. People are expected to give way naturally to one another on the street or when walking around, without anything being said.Interrupting somebody talking or doing something else to ask a question, make a request, etc. also happens regularly without any warning or apology. -compliments Be careful when complimenting someone’s possessions or somebody because they may think it’s a kind of flattering rather than appreciation. In conclusion, Chinese culture is based on the wisdom of Confucius and quiet different from western culture in many aspects. But nowadays because of the process of globalization, Chinese people are striving to learn from mainstream culture and improve and develop their own culture.

Sociological Perspective On Human Behavior - 1544 Words

Sociological Perspective A sociological perspective on human behavior is connected to the society as a whole. It invites us to look for the connections between the behavior of individuals and the structures of the society in which they live. (Appendix 1) One sociological perspective is the Functionalist theory. Functionalism is one of the earliest sociological theories. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) was a professor and was interested in how society was possible and how society remains stable. This theory focuses on the macro-level of social structure rather than micro-level of everyday life. Functionalism sees society in parts which form a system, the parts depend on each other. Functionalist theory looks at the parts of society such as†¦show more content†¦(Appendix 3) Significant developments from the welfare state William Beveridge was born 5th March 1879 in India and trained as a lawyer. In 1941, the government authorised a report that Britain should be repaired after world War Two. Beveridge was to take charge of this report. Beveridge produced this report in 1942 and advised the Government should find ways to overcome the deprived and poor the five Giant Evil’s (Appendix 4) The new prime minister introduced the welfare state in 1942 from the Beveridge Report. This included. (Appendix 5) Free Education was deemed a necessity as there are a lot of families who are on benefits and it enabled all young people to be successful learners, confident and learn to be responsible. It also opened opportunities for young people and children to be successful through life. The legislation that brought this into effect was the Education Act 1944 and the current legislations for schools are Education Act 1980, Education Act 2002, and Education Act 2016. However there are current issues as there is arise in young people refusing to attend school due to bullying, emotional needs, peer pressure and there is a lack of qualified teachers. Housing was deemed a necessity as people were living in poor conditions, families were overcrowded and there was families living in tenements that shared toilet amenities. Also there were homeless people living in the streets. The legislation that brought this inShow MoreRelatedA Sociological Perspective On Open Minded Inquiry Into Diverse Human Social Behavior1021 Words   |  5 PagesFrom a sociological perspective, my interactions are deciding who I am. With this in mind, currently, I am a sociology student transcribing an essay answering the questions: Who am I? How do I fit in the world around us? What influences my decisions, behaviors, and attitudes? What does the future hold for me? This paper will address all of the questions mentioned above in an attempt to develop an attitude of open-minded inquiry into diverse human social behavior. 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