Cuban Revolution By Andrew Caminiti - 1476 Words

Cuban Communist Revolution By Andrew Caminiti The terrible conditions that many Cuban citizens lived under during the Batista regime was unacceptable. The Cuban Citizens wanted a change and started a revolution. To find out why we go all the way back to 1868 when the United States defeated the Spanish Army giving Cuba its independence. The Cubans elected Fulgencio Batista who did not allow any more elections to take place. This angered many and a new revolution leader formed, Fidel Castro. Fidel overthrew the Batista Regime and named himself dictator. He started close economic ties with the Soviet Union. Shortly after this the United States ended any ties with the Cuban government. The causes of the Cuban Revolution were terrible conditions under the Batista regime, the spread of Communism, and the Spanish-American war. The effects of the Cuban Revolution were the downfall of the economy, Cuban missile crisis, and end of any diplomatic relations with the United States. The Cuban Revolution connects to Global citizenship because the citizens fought for their rights which ended up helping their daily life but hurting their economy. One major cause of the Cuban Communist Revolution was the terrible conditions under Fulgencio Batista. The Batista regime was a corrupt presidency. Batista did not allow any other elections to take place while he held office, making him an undeclared dictator. Under this regime many people could not find work except in the summer because of the

The Dilemma Of American National Identity - 855 Words

Prior to the French and Indian War, colonists were somewhat satisfied with Great Britain. The laws imposed on the colonies were usually unenforced giving the colonies free reign over most aspects of their life. Despite the distance between North America and the mother country, colonists considered themselves equal with British citizens living on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. At this point, the colonists had no intentions of breaking off from the mother country. As John Murrin says in his essay â€Å"The Dilemma of American National Identity†: â€Å"Nothing is more ironic in the entire span of early American history than the way in which Britain finally persuaded her North American settlers to embrace a national destiny that virtually none of them desired before the crisis of 1764-1776 (Murrin).† Britain’s â€Å"persuasion† was their response toward the colonists after the French and Indian War. The heavy involvement of Great Britain after the French and Indian War was the foundation for American Independence. When the Seven Years War reached North America, colonists were very enthusiastic to join Great Britain’s cause. Many signed up to join the British army not only to protect their land, but also to display their loyalty to Great Britain. The colonies embraced their position as an ally in this war. Even after conquering Canada, colonists continued to enlist in the army and were stationed in Cuba, a Spanish territory. This enthusiasm scared Spain so much that theyShow MoreRelatedThe Confl ict Of The Civil War950 Words   |  4 Pagesthesis of This Republic of Suffering is that death created a myriad of dilemmas for the citizenry and the United States Government. This vexing issue was not only a matter of physically disposing of the dead, but a spiritual and moralistic crisis that tore at the religiosity of the citizens of both the North and South. Moreover, death in the Civil War impacted the lives of hundreds of thousands of individuals. Moreover, these Americans lived the rest of their lives in perpetual sorrow, and grief due toRead MoreDiana Der-Hovanessians Personal Influences on her Works1835 Words   |  7 PagesDiana Der-Hovanessian is a contemporary American poet of Armenian descent. Her literary contribution includes 25 books of poems and Armenian poetry translations into English. Der-Hovanessian’s upbringing in Worcester, Massachusetts shaped her early life as her family prospered and helped other Armenian immigrants find work and attend school. He r interest in translating Armenian poetry began when her father asked her to translate works of Armenian poet Daniel Varoujan. Since the 1980s Der-HovanessianRead MoreMy Summer At An Indian Call Center1588 Words   |  7 PagesThe trend of immigration brings out the issue of cultural identity. The controversy concerning tradition and cultural expectation is becoming increasingly fierce. Is it necessary to change one’s own cultural identity in order to fit the working environment and blend into the new society? How do people’s intrinsic cultural identities affect their new lives? Should the way of preserving cultural tradition be altered? How individuals’ cultural expectation influence their attitudes of redefining traditionsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Right Road To America By Amy Chua816 Words   |  4 Pagesto America?,† Amy Chua informs her audience about the possibility of America’s national identity becoming lost due to the influence of immigran ts. Chua’s defines her thesis by stating â€Å"Around the world, nations face violence and instability as a result of their increasing pluralism and diversity,† (336). The key points of the text includes Chua explaining why America and other nations could lose their core identities, how the United States could become unglued from its true meaning, and how citizensRead MoreBlack Of Black And Black Americans870 Words   |  4 Pagesin the United States of America that has always remained consistent is white racial hostility. A history of slavery, segregation, unequal protection of the law, and second class citizenship inflicted by a white power structure that dominates on a national level has created a harmful reality for black people. Every aspect of black public life must either be under the control of or in opposition to white supremacy. Every state-sanctioned institution works to use black bodies as tools for the productionRead MoreEssay on ESPN: The World Wide Lead er in Sports1596 Words   |  7 PagesNorth American sports and all around the world. While they have enjoyed the highest of highs over the past ten plus years and counting they haven’t been able to avoid controversy and competition from other competitors. Over the course of the years, ESPN has been very successful in creating a strong brand identity. ESPN has been able to create an identity of that if you want sports coverage, 24/7 365, then we are your one stop shop for it. However in order for ESPN to have this identity they haveRead MoreLangston Hughes, â€Å"I Too, Sing America† Chronicles An African-American Male’S Struggle With1402 Words   |  6 PagesLangston Hughes, â€Å"I too, Sing America† chronicles an African-American male’s struggle with patriotism in an age of inequality and segregation in the United States. The poem cleverly uses metaphors to represent racial segregation faced by African-Americans during the early twentieth century. The speaker presents a battle cry for equality and acceptance, and his words are a plea and a declaration for nationalism and patriotism. Although, the poem does not directly imply racism, the speaker’s languageRead More Americanization of the Australia n Media Essay1228 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome americanised through the influence of American media and television programs in Australia. This research will only concentrate on the extent of Americanisation in Australia through the influence on television and the film industry as the aspect of Americanisation covers a wide range from fashion to language. To fully understand the topic of the hypothesis, proper exploration of the definitions of ‘identity’ and ‘culture’ are of relevance. ‘Identity’ and ‘culture’ play an integral role in whatRead MoreThe Conversation About Race And Ethnicity Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesThe conversation about race, for American society, traditionally has been thwarted by its tendency to be divisive, as seen in America’s not too distant history. However, the doors for racial discussion have been opened wide, as a result of the case of Rachel Dolezal. The former Spokane NAACP leader, Rachel Dolezal, sparked outcries from American society due to her misrepresentation of her race. Questions have been raised wither race, like Dolezal has tried, can be socially constructed. MainstreamRead MoreThe Government Must Solve The Immigration Crisis1664 Words   |  7 PagesIt is time for the U.S. government to resolve the immigration crisis, which has not only become an ethical dilemma, but also an economic setback. Finding a solution doesn’t mean drawing up a quick law or rule that will slow down the crisis, we must tackle this dilemma head on ethically in a way that is acceptable for both the government and the public. The rule of law and compassion are intertwined when discussing immigration. Rule of law revolves around the responsibility to those in the country

Transplantation Regime In Cornea Graft †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Transplantation Regime In Cornea Graft? Answer: Introduction Eyesight is one the most cherished senses among humanity. Those born without the gift of sight or those whose ability to see is impaired go to unimaginable lengths to restore or improve it. The eye, the organ whose primary function is to see, has various vital parts including the cornea. For various reasons including congenital disabilities, injury and infections, the corneas ability to perform its functions can be compromised. There are various treatment options available for corneal treatment depending on the source of the defect. Over the past half of the century, millions of patients have undergone corneal transplantation around the world due to corneal infection, corneal degeneration and corneal injuries in an attempt to restore and improve vision (Tan et al., 2012). These patients require post-transplantation regimen adherence to improve outcomes. In this paper, we will focus on the post-translation regimen adherence patient education following corneal transplantation in Singap ore. In modern medical care, patients are part of the medical team. They should be involved in every decision made regarding their treatment. This is important because it fosters adherence to treatment regimens and self-care among many other reasons (Davis et al., 2007). However, it is difficult to include patients without conducting proper education. Transplantation of the corneal at times poses complications including graft rejections just like in the other cases of organ transplantation (Panda et al., 2007). Statistics indicate graft rejections following corneal transplantation take place in 5 to 30% of recipients. According to (Bachmann et al., 2008), corneal graft rejection is regarded the severest of the complications occurring after corneal transplantation. One of the common causes of corneal graft rejection is patients non-adherence to the post-transplantation treatment, and it has been known to orchestrate dreadful consequences, including acute rejection and severely reduced quality of life. According to Radhakrishnan, Yadav, and Sachdeva (2009), preparing organ recipients before the procedure puts them on right path to knowing how to take care of their new organ. The efforts to avoid graft rejection need to start immediately when recipient has consented to organ transplant through education. Proper education can enable them to recognize early graft rejection, report it early, improve adherence to the prescribed regimen and schedule checkups with a corneal specialist in case of any complications (Radhakrishnan, Yadav Sachdeva, 2009). In addition, it will make it easier for the patients to take an active role in their journey back to recovery. Various scholars have reviewed literature in which they have asserted that patient education is fundamental in fostering adherence to the post-transplantation regimen; all of which have a substantial anchorage in behavioral, social, cognitive and Rogers learning theories. Ha and Longnecker (2010) note that patient education is geared towards making recipients have knowledge about the disease, acquire precise skills necessary during treatment, and ultimately equip them with coping tactics. It is paramount that that organ recipients and healthcare counselors sustain a cordial relationship, which is instrumental in enhancing adherence to the post-transplantation treatment and improving the quality of life and keeping medical expenses in check. Various theories have been put forward as integral during the teaching process. Teachers, in this case, healthcare practitioners, are at liberty to choose the most suitable theory or theories suitable in the instructional process. Andragogy, unlike pedagogy, focuses on adult teaching. Following an andragogy approach, healthcare practitioners can transfer to corneal transplantation adult patients with ease (Bover Draganov et al., 2013). Principle of Patient Education and Adult Learning Theory Principles of Patient Education Patient learning is guided by various principles. The first principle indicates that the instructor cannot avoid teaching whether intentional or not. Teaching takes place in many ways as healthcare practitioners make contact with their patients including words, actions and nonverbal behavior (Mann, 2011). As such, it is the practitioners choice to teach well or not. The second principle reminds the nursing practitioners that teaching is an integral part of the caring process. Good teachings stay with the patients and their families for a long time (Glanz, Rimer Viswanath, 2008). Studies have established that the impact of teaching is never immediate and may go unnoticed by the healthcare practitioners during physical contact with patients and as such, it should not deter physicians from dispensing the correct amount and quality of education. It is important for the nursing practitioners to assess patients knowledge before dispensing more knowledge. Adult patients are likely to have a lifetime of experience and knowledge. The fourth principle of teaching underscores the fact that a good session must embody an introduction, body, and conclusion. It is important for the instructors to introduce themselves during which they should involve the patients in ice-breaking and establishing the goal of the session. It is this stage that nursing counselors need to build their anticipation of the learning session. For instance, the nurse educators can identify things that they expect the patients to perform at home (Mann, 2011). The second phase is all about the body. The information should be delivered with patient involvement. It should be planned carefully to ensure patients grasped key concepts. Simple information communication materials may be used to convey the main points. The instructor can start the conclusion part of teaching sessions by asking the patients to do what was discussed in the expected outcome. It is important for instructors to offer positive reinforcements even for the smallest of the achi evements realized by the patients. Additional reinforcements can be given alongside further guidance in areas patients make errors. Each session should end with a positive note. Another principle opines that adults tend to be autonomous and self-directed and as such, it is important for the nursing counselor to let them direct their own learning. In cases where the learning exercise is taking place from a classroom, it vital for the facilitator to actively involve the adult learners in the learning process. Adult education facilitators must be specific in guiding the learners rather than just supplying information. It is important that the nursing counselor allows learners assume responsibility in which discussions and group-based presentations are most fundamental in the instructional process (Mann, 2011). Is always advisable to teach the what before the how to hasten to grasp of ideas. Detailed explanation about corneal transplantation can come after the patients have understood what the subject matter is all about. This principle gives leeway for the nursing counselor to teach more than the patient can use at that particular moment. Use of time blocks is highly encouraged when teaching. Here, instructors are discouraged from teaching everything at ones. Teaching one concept per session ensures that patients retain most of the information taught (Freeman Rodriguez, 2011). The last principle encourages the nursing counselors to rehearse. Rehearsing of ones material is beneficial in many ways. It ensures that appropriate time is allocated for each session besides enhancing mastery and delivery of the information. In the event that demonstrations are required, rehearsal ensures that the presenter adequately demonstrates each step having rehearsed it by themselves (Freeman Rodriguez, 2011). In addition, when presenters rehearse, it is quicker for them to solve any problems that may arise because they master the complex steps when rehearsing. Adult Learning Theories The andragogy learning theory has been cited as the best theory in imparting patient education among adults. The theory is anchored on the principle that adults are a rich source of information with wide ranging experiences that offers the basis of new information. As such, the customary tactic instructional process suitable for children is not suitable (Gremigni et al., 2007). The theory emphasizes that the process of teaching about cornea transplantation is important than the actual outcome of avoiding it (Babakhani et al., 2013). As noted earlier, the impact of the education is hardly felt immediately. The information was given, however, stays with the patients and their families years after the fact. The transfer of knowledge is not automatic when applying this theory. It takes patience and continued coaching and support for the patient to master the skills of self-managing and adherence to drug regimens following cornea transplantation (Braungart Braungart, 2007). Constructivist theory (CLT) is similar in approach to andragogy. However, it deviates a little in that it is also applicable to children. When applying CLT in teaching cornea transplant, it is paramount to keep in mind Piagets (1964) who insists of earning by way of discovering. Vgotsky (1962) also asserted that clear instructions and socialization are vital in supporting patients make meaning of the conditions afflicting them. CLT is primarily learner centered. The nursing instructor is regarded as just a facilitator. The facilitator must come up with practical ways of promoting self-care and self-management following corneal transplantation. When the instructor is dealing with multiple patients, he or she must be aware that different patients experience different causes of cornea rejection and as such will require dissimilar approaches (Glanz, Rimer Viswanath, 2008). Components of Effective Patient Education Effective patient education must meet certain parameters in order to foster adherence, self-care, and self-management in post-transplantation regimen in corneal graft failure. The first component relates to the amount time taken per session. Patients are likely to be in discomfort, and therefore their attention spans are likely to be short. Most studies recommend a session spanning between half an hour to one hour (Griffiths et al., 2007). This is critical to ensuring that the patients excitement to learn remaining riveted throughout out the session. During my sessions, I have always found the use of verbal teaching only not enough. It is always important to supplement it with written material and other media to reinforce the information and make it a little more exciting and memorable. For instance, in the case of adults, they are more of visual learners than verbal ones. The instructor ought to provide patients with post-transplantation regimen diaries that comprise activities that can be incorporated into daily routine. When patients reading skills proof inadequate, it is important to provide pictograms that can paint images in patients minds on the steps involved in cornea care following transplantation (Aliakbari et al., 2015). Writing down an action plan has been known to work for most patients. It is used in communicating the anticipated information from the nursing counselors to their patients. It has also been used in emphasizing communication on how organ recipients can identify the peak flow measurements and take the most suitable responses. Organ recipients who comprehend this stand better chances of managing symptoms of graft failure. A well-drafted organ transplant management action plan must incorporate the drugs taken every day and their corresponding dosages. It is important to understand how the drugs are taken and dosages required for each session. The written plan may also entail information that the recipients have a firm grasp the actions required to regulate and keep off triggers completely. Patients readiness to identify and handle deteriorating signs and symptoms is also a part of the action plan in addition to patients comprehension of medication and the dosages needed as a response to aggravating symptoms as emanating from graft failure. Lastly, the patient needs to have emergency contacts for hospitals and even their doctors. Conclusion The review has shown that patient education enables the patients to lead a comfortable life and even without symptoms after cornea transplants. Various parameters have been highlighted as integral to leading symptom-free life after corneal transplantation in graft failure and may embody regular and unhindered access to care, awareness of the prescribed regimens and knowledge on the adjustments of the environment to reduce exposure to unaccommodating conditions. Notwithstanding this, current findings indicate that most people with cornea transplant hardly get the necessary care as specified in most treatment guidelines. On top of that, patients shy away from seeking cornea care on a frequent basis particularly those who come from economically disadvantaged households. The general purpose for expert treatment and enhanced self-management via doctor-patient education is to keep graft rejection under check. Put differently, doctor-patient education is fundamental in the reduction of the graft rejection rates and related morbidity as well as augmented functional ability and a better quality of life. Teaching patients promote avoidance of triggers, raises patient adherence and enhances patient ability to notice the symptoms of graft rejection and seek medical services in timely manner. References Babakhani, A., Guy, S. R., Falta, E. M., Elster, E. A., Jindal, T. R., Jindal, R. M. (2013). Surgeons bring RRT to patients in Guyana.Bull Am Coll Surg,98(6), 17-27. Bachmann, B. O., Bock, F., Wiegand, S. J., Maruyama, K., Dana, M. R., Kruse, F. E., ... Cursiefen, C. (2008). Promotion of graft survival by vascular endothelial growth factor a neutralization after high-risk corneal transplantation.Archives of Ophthalmology,126(1), 71-77. Bover Draganov, P., de Carvalho Andrade, A., Ribeiro Neves, V., Sanna, M. C. (2013). Andragogy in nursing: a literature review.Investigacin y Educacin en Enfermera,31(1), 86-94. Braungart, M., Braungart, R. (2007). Applying learning theories to healthcare practice. https://nursekey.com/applying-learning-theories-to-healthcare-practice/ Davis, R. E., Jacklin, R., Sevdalis, N., Vincent, C. A. (2007). Patient involvement in patient safety: what factors influence patient participation and engagement?.Health expectations,10(3), 259-267. Freeman, H. P., Rodriguez, R. L. (2011). History and principles of patient navigation.Cancer,117(S15), 3537-3540. Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., Viswanath, K. (Eds.). (2008).Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. John Wiley Sons. Gremigni, P., Bacchi, F., Turrini, C., Cappelli, G., Albertazzi, A., Bitti, P. E. R. (2007). Psychological factors associated with medication adherence following renal transplantation.Clinical transplantation,21(6), 710-715. Griffiths, C., Foster, G., Ramsay, J., Eldridge, S., Taylor, S. (2007). How effective are expert patient (lay led) education programmes for chronic disease?.BMJ: British Medical Journal,334(7606), 1254. Ha, J. F., Longnecker, N. (2010). Doctor-patient communication: a review.The Ochsner Journal,10(1), 38-43. Mann, K. V. (2011). Theoretical perspectives in medical education: past experience and future possibilities.Medical education,45(1), 60-68. Panda, A., Vanathi, M., Kumar, A., Dash, Y., Priya, S. (2007). Corneal graft rejection.Survey of ophthalmology,52(4), 375-396. Radhakrishnan, N., Yadav, S. P., Sachdeva, A. (2009). ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION.INDIAN JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL PEDIATRICS,11(2), 25. Tan, D. T., Dart, J. K., Holland, E. J., Kinoshita, S. (2012). Corneal transplantation.The Lancet,379(9827), 1749-1761.

Skeptical and Layman Competence

Critical thinking is an interesting and important branch of knowledge. The ability to think critically equips one with the knowledge to evaluate and make informed decisions out of situations. Being skeptical, optimistic and confident are all elements of critical thinking that are crucial in decision making.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Skeptical and Layman Competence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Battersby is a university lecturer who teaches critical thinking. His sister-in-law was diagnosed with lung cancer and obviously this sounded like a death penalty warrant. However, Battersby’s extensive critical analysis skills drove him a point further to unearth the finer details of the diagnosis and these turned out to be the basis of appreciation of layman’s competency. More so, in reference to the above scenario as a piece to be analyzed on the basis of critical thinking, the main argument will b e whether Battersby was justified to be skeptical about the pathologist’s diagnosis. Is it right for one to doubt expertise contribution in any given situation? Battersby was right to seek an extra explanation from the initial cancer diagnosis. Further exploration of the argument qualifies it to be a cogent argument. Furthermore, it is relevant to the context of critical thinking and clearly explores issues that sufficiently emphasize the importance of critical thinking thus making it acceptable. An individual is allowed to seek more elaborate explanations of expertise work especially where one is skeptical about the same work. It is also acceptable that doctors, just like any other experts can make mistakes since they might not always be precise and accurate. Nevertheless, one can easily detect such mistakes by critically analyzing the expert’s contribution. When Battersby’s sister in-law was diagnosed with lung cancer, Battersby accepted the results. However, he doubted the fact that the affected cells were not identical meaning the cancer had metastasized and therefore a surgical operation to save her was ruled out. Cancer patients with metastasized conditions do not live beyond five years in this condition. Battersby felt that the doctors had not done enough to save the sister in-law. It is this confidence that prompted him to go an extra mile to ascertain the validity of the diagnosis. Therefore, Battersby and his wife chose to undertake further research about lung cancer and their findings amazed everyone. They discovered that the pathologist had not yet tried the DNA test. Indeed the DNA test revealed that the cancer had not metastasized and an operation was possible to cure the patient. The desire to do this research was solely driven by a desire to have the sister alive and the unwavering hope that something could still be done.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper wit h 15% OFF Learn More The topic of cancer diagnosis is also relevant to the whole issue of critical thinking. Battersby critically thought about the diagnosis before finally developing a skeptical approach. Using critical thinking skills he opted not to carry out a re-diagnosis about the sister’s condition but rather engage his wife to jointly do more research on lung cancer. These are all as a result of critical thinking. Layman competence is also supported by critical thinking. For instance, Battersby is a lecturer who decides to carry out research on a medical condition. These are two independent expertise fields which are not related. Therefore Battersby critically explored all the methods for diagnosing cancer before he finally established that DNA tests give undoubted results. Given that Battersby was not medical personnel, the arrival at DNA test as an alternative method for DNA is purely as a result of critical thinking. The article brings out sufficient groun ds that justify Battersby’s act of doubting the cancer diagnosis on his sister in-law. It was through such skeptic approach that the exact medical condition of the sister in-law was established. Her cancer had not metastasized. Subsequently, a surgical operation was carried out and she is now healthy. This could have been different if Battersby and his wife accepted the initial results as given by the pathologist. The recommendation to have a DNA test carried out was given by Battersby and his wife. Doctors were convinced that they had done their best as far as the diagnosis of cancer is concerned. Thus, it is surprising that such like crucial medical recommendations are made by people outside the field of medicine. Layman competence thus helped to save Battersby’s sister in-law’s life. Battersby thus directed his critical thinking ability on the right path when he chose to seek more elaborate diagnosis besides the doctor’s findings. Conclusively, ideas b rought out from the read article reflect the true picture of what happens in the current society. People will stick to professional expertise contribution and ignore any other contribution from those outside the professional field in question. This article is thus relevant as it draws the readers’ mind to re-evaluate their critical thinking abilities as well as take time thinking about other possible contributions from people who might not be necessarily experts in the said field. The author chose to use a medical example with clearly calculated intend. The medical field is considered the most accurate and precise field. Thus the author insists on the importance of critical thinking. It is possible to identify tiny yet crucial mistakes through critical thinking just like Battersby. This essay on Skeptical and Layman Competence was written and submitted by user Samuel Heath to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Application for Boston University MBA Program Essay †Example

Application for Boston University MBA Program Essay – Example Free Online Research Papers Application for Boston University MBA Program Essay Example 1. Describe your experiences as a member of a team working in a professional or volunteer capacity. Comment on how you might have used leadership skills in these situations, and how your involvement helped to improve the functioning of the organization. I was able to recognize the true nature of leadership when I joined the Nationwide College Student xxx Contest in the summer vacation of the third year in college. The xxx team at xxx University of which I was in charge was just a club newly established and the members of my team was afraid of being placed on the bottom among 24 participant teams. As a result, they seemed to agree with the idea of passing up the participation in the contest. Given the chance of making my own argument with reference to the participation, I firmly decided to take part in the contest as a team head, although we might be placed on the tail, in order to set a good example to the following underclassmen. Once the decision was fully made, my mission was to build confidence of the team. Therefore, I participated in the Motivation Building Camp for 5 days implemented by the xxx with 18 members of my team, preliminary candidates for the team included. Owing to survival from 12 hours of rigorous training such as penetration of mud and 2 km swimming on a daily basis, the first outcome was friendship and confidence. My colleagues were able to gain confidence that we could do it whatever it takes because we had gone through the real training of xxx that we usually saw in the movie. By the end of harsh training, we were able to feel strong brotherhood like We are the one. between ourselves. The next step I took was to join the intensive training in terms of technology and localization for 10 days in xxx by introducing a professional coach of xxx from Korea xxx Association. The decision was based on my conviction that we would not be able to accomplish our goal only with motivation but effective training. Compared to other teams involved in 40 days of training annually, we trained ourselves for just 10 days. The qualified instruction of the professional coach served as great help to the development of technique in our team. Although our team eventually gained the second runner-up in the contest in August 15 19xx, the members of our team shouted for joy, saying We made it! over and over again. Although we couldnt win the contest, all of us were able to experience much more valuable things than the championship-confidence, friendship, and the sense of challenge. During the whole phase of the contest, I had no choice but to make lots of decisions as a leader of the team all by myself. Throughout this experience, I realized the significant elements of leadership for the sake of right decision as follows. The leader should have the sense of challenge and the ability to make the members of the team build confidence not to speak of friendship. In this context, I realized the outcome of business depends mainly on the efficient leadership from the bottom of my heart. 2. Boston University seeks a diverse entering class, rich with students of unique talents and experiences. Describe how your personal distinctiveness will make for a stronger learning environment at Boston University, and how this distinctiveness will contribute to your success as a manager. My main contribution to Boston MBA program is the knowledge on the Asian information and communication business circle and venture business. Since I was in college, I have been deeply interested in the field of information and communication in Asia, devoting myself to the research on the field. In college, I established a research club on venture business by the name of xxx with other 12 fellow students in the department of business administration. Therefore, we opened conferences on a regular basis for the sake of predicting their technology, business management, and prospect for the development of 50 potential venture businesses in Korea. As a matter of fact, we expected 8 companies such as xxx and xxx would grow as world leading companies during that time. Like the way we expected, they are currently marking rapid increase in stock value more than xx times of its original value in x years. In this context, it proved our high level of capability in terms of analysis. Thanks to my vigorous attention, during x years of work experience at xxx, I have been mainly involved in the business analysis for the sake of foreign investment company that would like to invest on the Korean venture businesses as well as Korean companies that would like to invest on the information and communication enterprises in Asia including China. Beyond that, I personally spent lots of time in developing the level of my knowledge on the information and communication business circle in about 80 countries in Asia including Korea. In this context, I am confident that I have more specific and analytical knowledge as to what is going on in Asian venture businesses than anybody else. In particular, I am eligible to transfer a great deal of knowledge on the technology, potential, and flaw of the main venture businesses in terms of Internet in Korea to the fellow students in Boston. I hope that my specific knowledge will serve as great help when my colleagues in Boston enter the bus iness market in Asia after graduation. 3. Why is an MBA, MS/MIS, or MSIM the next natural step in your career advancement? Why is this the right time for you to pursue graduate management education? Please mention your career goals in your response. After graduating from your university in 20xx, I intend to return to xxx,the company at which I am currently employed, and work for x years as a consultant to venture companies in Korea and Asia. By the year 20xx, I hope to have founded my own consulting firm and to operate a venture incubator company that nurtures startup ventures by providing support with capital investment and management consulting. To this end, if possible, I plan to pursue a CFA certification after graduating from your business school. Armed with the CFA certification along with a top business schools international exposure, strength in finance, and management training, I will concentrate my efforts on turning venture companies into world-class companies with my technical expertise and aspiration. Working at xxx for the last x years helped solidify my goals. After graduating from college in February of 19xx and joining xx- considered as the most experienced consulting company in Korea I concentrated on analyzin g investment results and securing foreign capital for Korean companies. The four projects which I handled in these two years were mainly market forecasting and return-on-investment analysis for companies looking to invest in the Internet and telecommunications. During this period, I was able to discover the enormous market potential in Asia for Internet-related businesses. In particular, xxx to which I was a consultant for two months starting May 19xx, and the xxx Project, for which I am currently a consultant, are xxx projects with expected revenues of $xx billion and $xx billion respectively over the next 10 years; they are model cases that showed me the potential of venture telecommunications companies. In working on these projects, I discovered the possibility of unearthing venture companies operating in Asia and developing nations and turning them into global competitors. I decided that in order to realize this goal, I must gain a greater insight on the business international environment in addition to the management and accounting knowledge that I currently have. This is the first reason why I want to go to business school. I want to cultivate my management abilities by engaging in focused studies on areas such as Corporate Finance an d Financial Strategy, Entrepreneurship, and International Marketing at a U.S. business school. The second reason why I want to go to business school is because I want to acquire a firm knowledge of the Asian market, a topic I have avidly pursued since college. During college I attained considerable knowledge on Japan and China through two separate 6-month language-training studies, and these experiences greatly aided my performance of investment consulting in Asia during my employment at xxx. These experiences also made me realize the need to further reinforce my knowledge in up-and-coming telecommunications markets of countries like China and Singapore; while studying at your university, I hope to concentrate my studies on Asia, its companies, and its growth potential and investment strategy. This is precisely why I would choose International Business as my area of concentration. One of the main reasons I have chosen Boston University is its environment. Boston University is one of the largest private universities in the United States. And it is located at the heart of Boston. I can say with confidence that I know about Boston Universitys advantages and status more than anyone else does, because Ive stayed in the city for about two months. Indeed, Ive been to the building of School of Management in Boston University several times. And I think that I could acquire more information and have various experiences there than in other business schools which are far away from cities. The second reason why I apply for Boston University is its unique and excellent MBA program. Encouraging students to concentrate on process instead of function, the MBA program that Boston University offers put an emphasis on Total Quality Management, which integrates a number of subjects. In this light, I believe that those who go through the MBA course in Boston University could exercise more outstanding capability even in the areas they dont major in than those who study in other business schools.The third is the fact that Boston University provides students with full support, especially through the Field Career Center. I know that Boston University is a school that is willing to give a practical help to its students through a vast range of programs, such as the First Place, which is an interactive software-recruiting program. Thank you. Optional question: 5. What will be the admissions committees chief concern in evaluating your potential for success at Boston University? Please explain why this concern might be unfounded or not important. After earning a bachelors degree in Business Administration, I have been a permanent employee of xxx since February 19xx. Because my transcript indicates I also earned a degree in journalism in February 19xx, I believe this warrants an explanation of the circumstances surrounding this record. Since college, I have had a great interest since in the influence that the media has on the modern corporation. During my junior year, I received a prize in a college thesis-writing competition sponsored by the xxx for a paper entitled xxx In particular, my suspicions that the medias reporting had a crucial effect on the Korean stock market and the growth of companies were confirmed during sessions of the xxx at xxx University Business Administration Department, of which I was an ardent participant. From this experience, I concluded that to become a management consultant, I needed more in depth study of the relationship between the media and the corporation. For this reason, I decided to pursue both journalism and business administration degrees. While working as a consultant, I attended evening classes and earned the journalism degree in 1 year. Therefore, although I was enrolled in xxx University in 19xx, I was actually employed full time at xxx as a 19xx graduate. I would like to point out that my studies in journalism took place in the evenings, and thus this is consistent with my two or more years of full-time work experience. Research Papers on Application for Boston University MBA Program Essay The Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperThe Hockey GameAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Fifth HorsemanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

The Heros Journey and Archetypes in Literature

The Heros Journey and Archetypes in Literature Carl Jung called archetypes the ancient patterns of personality that are the shared heritage of the human race. Archetypes are amazingly constant throughout all times and cultures in the collective unconscious, and youll find them in all of the most satisfying literature. An understanding of these forces is one of the most powerful elements in the storyteller’s toolbox. Understanding these ancient patterns can help you better understand literature and become a better writer yourself. Youll also be able to identify archetypes in your life experience and bring that wealth to your  work.   When you grasp the function of the archetype a character expresses, you will know his or her purpose in the story. Christopher Vogler, author of The Writers Journey: Mythic Structure, writes about how every good story reflects the total human story. In other words, the heros journey represents the universal human condition of being born into this world, growing, learning, struggling to become an individual, and dying. The next time you watch a movie, TV program, even a commercial, identify the following archetypes. I guarantee youll see some or all of them. The Heros Journey The word hero comes from a Greek root that means to protect and serve. The hero is connected with self-sacrifice. He or she is the person who transcends ego, but at first, the hero is all ego. The hero’s job is to incorporate all the separate parts of himself to become a true Self, which he then recognizes as part of the whole, Vogler says. The reader is usually invited to identify with the hero. You admire the heros qualities and want to be like him or her, but the hero also has flaws. Weaknesses, quirks, and vices make a hero more appealing. The hero also has one or more  inner conflicts. For example, he or she may struggle over the conflicts of love versus duty, trust versus suspicion, or  hope versus despair. In The Wizard of Oz  Dorothy is the storys hero, a girl trying to find her place in the world. The Job of the Herald Heralds issue challenges and announce the coming of significant change. Something changes the hero’s situation, and nothing is the same ever again. The herald often delivers the Call to Adventure, sometimes in the form of a letter, a phone call, an accident. Heralds provide the important psychological function of announcing the need for change, Vogler says. Miss Gulch, at the beginning of the film version of The Wizard of Oz, makes a visit to Dorothys house to complain that Toto is trouble. Toto is taken away, and the adventure begins. The Purpose of the Mentor Mentors provide heroes with motivation, inspiration, guidance, training, and gifts for the journey. Their gifts often come in the form of information or gadgets that come in handy later. Mentors seem inspired by divine wisdom; they are the voice of a god. They stand for the hero’s highest aspirations, Vogler says. The gift or help given by the mentor should be earned by learning, sacrifice, or commitment. Yoda is a classic mentor. So is Q from the James Bond series. Glinda, the Good Witch, is Dorothys mentor in The Wizard of Oz. Overcoming the Threshold Guardian At each gateway on the journey, there are powerful guardians placed to keep the unworthy from entering. If properly understood, these guardians can be overcome, bypassed, or turned into allies. These characters are not the journeys main villain  but are often lieutenants of the villain. They are the naysayers, doorkeepers, bouncers, bodyguards, and gunslingers, according to Vogler. On a deeper psychological level, threshold guardians represent our internal demons. Their function is not necessarily to stop the hero but to test if he or she is really determined to accept the challenge of change. Heroes learn to recognize resistance as a source of strength. Threshold Guardians are not to be defeated  but incorporated into the self. The message: those who are put off by outward appearances cannot enter the Special World, but those who can see past surface impressions to the inner reality are welcome, according to Vogler. The Doorman at the Emerald City, who attempts to stop Dorothy and her friends from seeing the wizard, is one threshold guardian. Another is the group of flying monkeys who attack the group. Finally, the Winkie Guards are literal threshold guardians who are enslaved by the Wicked Witch. Meeting Ourselves in Shapeshifters Shapeshifters express the energy of the animus (the male element in the female consciousness) and anima (the female element in the male consciousness). Vogler says we often recognize a resemblance of our own anima or animus in a person, project the full image onto him or her, enter a relationship with this ideal fantasy, and commence trying to force the partner to match our projection. The shapeshifter is a catalyst for change, a symbol of the psychological urge to transform. The role serves the dramatic function of bringing doubt and suspense into a story. It is a mask that may be worn by any character in the story, and is often expressed by a character whose loyalty and true nature are always in question, Vogler says. Think Scarecrow, Tin Man, Lion. Confronting the Shadow The shadow represents the energy of the dark side, the unexpressed, unrealized, or rejected aspects of something. The negative face of the shadow is the villain, antagonist, or enemy. It may also be an ally who is after the same goal but who disagrees with the hero’s tactics. Vogler says the function of the shadow is to challenge the hero and give her a worthy opponent in the struggle. Femmes  Fatale  are lovers who shift shapes to such a degree they become the shadow. The best shadows have some admirable quality that humanizes them. Most shadows do not see themselves as villains, but merely as heroes of their own myths. Internal shadows may be deeply repressed parts of the hero, according to Vogler. External shadows must be destroyed by the hero or redeemed and turned into a positive force. Shadows may also represent unexplored potentials, such as affection, creativity, or psychic ability that goes unexpressed. The Wicked Witch is the obvious shadow in the Wizard of Oz. Changes Brought About By the Trickster The trickster embodies the energies of mischief and the desire for change. He cuts big egos down to size and brings heroes and readers down to earth, Vogler says. He brings change by drawing attention to the imbalance or absurdity of a stagnant situation and often provokes laughter. Tricksters are catalyst characters who affect the lives of others but are unchanged themselves. The Wizard himself is both a shapeshifter and a trickster.

Blackberry Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Blackberry Marketing - Case Study Example As indicated in forth coming sections, over 41 million people use BlackBerry smartphones through 550 carriers and distribution partners in 175 countries around the world. This is encouraging enough to conduct the research on this organization as the results will not only offer enough insights, the experience would in all probability bring positive results for both the organization and the researcher. In order to explore the idea of gathering information, researching on previous efforts made by the organizations on similar exercise and its outcome, while we rely heavily on the website, our sources are not limited to the site alone but various reports published at regular interval in different journals. We begin with a brief paragraph introducing the different tasks being conducted to confirm the understanding of the researcher, methods adopted to make the research effective and higher objectives aimed for by the different exercises. This project has specific defined goals and milestones that are also listed in this paper. The first exercise would be an elaborate planning of the research for appropriate decision making, second exercise would be to create relevant questions to satisfy some of the objectives and information targets outlined in first exercise followed by the third exercise to collate necessary information based on the research conducted to arrive at decision and facilitate next steps 2. Task One: Research Planning for Decision Making 2.1 Introduction In this exercise, keeping the process and output in view, the research design is defined, regardless of traditional and conventional methods that were practiced earlier, as there are a few prevailing factors that inadvertently dominate the design of research we conduct. The attempt here is not just to identify the overall process appropriately but to expedite the execution and bring in better results. This paper deals with a few basic concepts definitions, along with challenges in the recent past, constraints and bottlenecks. The attempt therefore has been not just to address the research design aspect but the factors that need to be considered to ensure we have an effective design in place for Research and build information repository. While we leverage our previous learning from similar exercise, there is a clear effort to innovate to ensure optimistic results and eliminating hindrances in the different tasks we carry forward pertaining to Blackberry. The approach is primarily to evaluate a process realistically and introduce changes based on industry trends or other aspects that suit the process. In this exercise, we capture the trends in the past and also make relevant assumptions to arrive at a reasonable conclusion without much ambiguity. Organization Chosen: Blackberry 2.2 Organization

Introduction to international relations class, summary related to Essay

Introduction to international relations class, summary related to course on Path to War - Essay Example However, Path to War did not only highlight the personal dilemmas that the president had to deal with during the Vietnam debacle. The movie also exposed the two lines of thought and the corresponding approaches in international relations during the time of the Cold War. In fact, many of the scenes of the debates that took place the Johnson administration’s cabinet meetings focus on these concerns. The ‘domino theory’ was a very influential concept among the politicians at that time. The U.S. government itself was its strongest believer. This theory is based on the analysis that if one country becomes communist, the neighboring countries would surely follow, just like the pieces of the domino. In Path to War, Johnson is portrayed to have firmly believed that once South Vietnam is reunited with the North, it would become communist too. Subsequently, the rest of the countries in Indochina and the entire Southeast Asia could all fall under communist regimes. With this theory in mind, the Johnson administration at the onset of the war were all one in arguing for the necessity of preventing the fall of South Vietnam to the hands of the local communist insurgents. To do so, it sent military advisers to the Southeast Asian country in order to train its armed forces.

Ebola Virus Outbreak Framework Essay Example for Free

Ebola Virus Outbreak Framework Essay Overview of the Event Ebola virus disease is a virus that is communicable through human-to-human contact as well as animal-to-human contact in which has promoted the spread of this virus that can be deadly if left untreated (WHO, 2014). Not only is the Ebola virus disease (EVD) quite contagious but is gaining momentum from community to community with lack of proper health care, containment, and the families of those that have been affected by the outbreak. There are widespread awareness by the World Health Organization (WHO) that there are short and long term psychological effects of the EVD outbreak due to the swiftness of how EVD can affect entire family members (PFA, 2014). Not only families are affected by the outbreak of EVD but the healthcare workers that are tending to the effected population are at increased risks of facing psychological trauma from their actions in containing the EVD spread (PFA, 2014). The Size of FEMA and WHO The World Health Organization (WHO) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) are the agencies that are taking the lead in containing the EVD outbreak. World Health Organization has actions in place to address the psychological trauma that is connected with this catastrophic event such as this event. FEMA has created a Catastrophic Incident Annex (2008) in which has collaborated with all federal departments and agencies in order to follow various guidelines in which is best to contain the Ebola Virus Disease outbreak. The World Health Organization is the first in charge when it comes to how to do certain actions pertaining to the health within the United Nations system (WHO, 2014). FEMA is part of the Department of Homeland Security; therefore the agency itself is rather large on the net of what it can or does cover. Qualifications and Skills of Employees for FEMA and WHO There are over forty (40) members of the US Department of Home Homeland Security/FEMA that is in charge of what exactly happens in the event such as the Ebola Virus Disease outbreak. Starting at the top of the chain of command within FEMA would be the administrator in which they would be the first in command to direct the rest of the team of FEMA. Each office within the FEMA organization is in charge of their own parts of the outbreak, ranging from equal rights to response and recovery. The qualifications are endless but are specific in which what area of the outbreak they can work on and containment of the outbreak. Protection and preparedness is a specific office within the FEMA organization where the employees focus on not only immediate needs of the outbreak but lessons learned, training on how to handle a community of an event such as the current outbreak of EVD (FEMA, 2014). World Health Organization (2014) has more specific qualifications when it comes to containment and direct care of the psychological effects of EVD. It is considered a flexible organization to be part of in which the skills that an employee must possess is rather defined. At minimum a first year degree or equal professional trainings pertaining to the specific position being applied for, experience with national and international levels of conflicts and containments, excellent analytical skills, understanding of policy issues, heightened awareness of public health, proficient in a secondary United Nations language (Arabic, French, Russian, Chinese, Spanish), effective team work, and communication skills (WHO, 2014). Services Provided by FEMA and WHO The World Health Organization is the global protector of health and welfare while Department of Homeland Security/FEMA is the national protector. Each of these organizations has their own specific role to do when it comes to covering the outbreak of EVD. The WHO is about the preventative measures before an outbreak while FEMA addresses the in-the-now moment of outbreaks of Ebola Virus Disease. It is important to address not only the specific services each of these agencies can (and does) provide but their core functions as well. Once the functions are understood, the services that each organization provides can be better understood. While some services provided may not necessarily be directly connected with the psychological effects of  the present danger of the Ebola Virus Disease, each organization has their own agenda in order to maintain their level of professionalism in the current crisis situation. FEMA focuses on national needs when disaster strikes and ensures that each com munity member within the declared disaster area have the means to recover from the event. FEMA covers costs of housing needs such as temporary housing, repairs, replacements, permanent or semi-permanent housing construction (FEMA, 2014). In a crisis situation such as the current EVD outbreak, FEMA addresses the instant need as well as maintaining long term health. FEMA provides crisis counseling and training to maintain the mental and psychological health of community members that are directly affected by the EVD outbreak (FEMA, 2014). FEMA connects community members to counselors that are there to help sort out the magnitude of the Ebola virus disease outbreak and why it affects each person differently when it comes to mental and psychological health. The Key Components of FEMA and WHO FEMA has a national preparedness system that has six specific parts within it. According to FEMA (2014); Identifying and assessing risk, Estimating Capability Requirements, Building and sustaining capabilities, Planning to Deliver Capabilities, Validating Capabilities, and finally Reviewing and Updating.’ Each of these parts has their own goals and reasons why they are as they stand. Their main goal is the all the same; safety and resilience. The World Health Organization has six main core functions that they, as an international organization, strive to maintain. According to WHO (2014); ‘providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging partnerships where joint action is needed; shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation, and dissemination of valuable knowledge; setting norms and standards, and promoting and monitoring their implementations; articulating ethical and evidence based policy options; providing technical support, ca talyzing changing, and building sustainable institutional capacity; monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.’ Overarching Mission of FEMA and WHO World Health Organization has a general overall mission to keep the world safe of outbreaks, emergency assistance to disaster struck areas and the  mass immunization campaigns to protect the world’s population of potentially deadly diseases (WHO, 2014). WHO is responsible for taking the lead in the current EVD outbreak so it is contained where it is found and eradicated as much as possible, as that is their sole mission statement. FEMA’s mission statement is to support citizens and first responders to make sure that the nation works together in order to sustain, build, and improve the capability to prepare, protect, respond, recover, and mitigate all potential hazards (FEMA, 2014). FEMA is responsible for the urge to have communities to work together in order to recover and sustain livelihood in the event such as our current EVD outbreak. Role of FEMA and WHO with criminal justice system FEMA is an extension of Department of Homeland security; it works rather closely in order to maintain their mission statement to support the nation in crisis events but it also adheres to the law side of what could potentially arise in the event of a situation that would cause the criminal justice system itself to crumble. WHO would not be part of the criminal justice system or rather, an extension of it, due to the international outlook it holds for the world and not just the United States criminal justice system. Conclusion Understanding, communication, and diligence in the event of a communicable virus such as Ebola Virus Disease is the number one priority around the world. From small knit communities in rural Kansas to the bustling metro stations of Hong Kong, the ability to address and contain Ebola Virus Disease is the most important agenda that the world can these communities can hold. When a country, city, and continent can understand the dire need to be educated on what exactly the Ebola Virus Disease can do the world’s population is when the virus is uncontrolled can have not only physical affects but psychological ones as well. Families, communities, governments crumble and the world is left in mayhem due to the psychological effects that is left from watching Ebola Virus Disease wipe out world as we know it. Leaning on World Health Organization and Federal Emergency Management Agency can lessen the stress and how the world takes the heavy psychological effects that are present for a lif etime. References Catastrophic Incident Annex. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf_CatastrophicIncidentAnnex.pdf Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2014). Retrieved from www.fema.org Psychological First Aid. (2014). Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/131682/1/9789241548847_eng.pdf?ua=1 World Health Organization. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/

Industrialization, Economics, and the Environment Essay -- Environment

Industrialization, Economics, and the Environment Human technological advancements make it possible to sustain larger and larger population by exploiting more and more natural resources. The three revolutions in human history, agricultural, industrial and green have all been answers to overpopulation. Naturally, industrialization leads to environmental degradation. The concern with Industrialization is that it is not a long term solution to human sustainability, since it operates under the premise of the tech fix, or the idea that humans will be able to invent new technologies to ensure their own survival. These solutions, while economically advantageous, do not consider the long term impacts of this continual and escalating intensification or resource use and extraction; indeed they suppose an exhaustibility of possibilities. However, the role human nature plays in determining these attitudes and actions which support this system is not insignificant, and is the key which will decide how the future plays out. What is industrialization? Dicitonary.com defines industrialism as, "An economic and social system based on the development of large-scale industries and marked by the production of large quantities of inexpensive manufactured goods and the concentration of employment in urban factories". This definition ignores the environmental aspect of industrialism; industrialization pushes the threshold of earth's resource availability. Such demanding management of the natural world is justified in the name of prioritizing immediate human needs over long term sustainability. However, the main environmental impacts of industrialization are those caused by consumption and population growth, which are both culturally malleabl... ...t" (Ridley and Low). The future of the earth and human existence rests on the shoulders of our policy makers in government. Works Consulted: Cipolla, C. M. (1996). Epilog from â€Å"Guns, Sails, and Empires: Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion, 1400-1700.† Sunflower Univ. Press. Dolan, Edwin G., Ch. 5 from "TANSTAAFL: The Economic Strategy for Environmental Crisis" 1974, pp. 55-72. Southwick, Charles H., Ch. 15 from "Global Ecology in Human Perspective" Oxford Univ. Press, 1996, pp. 159-182. Trent, is my citation for an essay entitled "Sogoff on Environnemental Values I" which was posted on a website for an environmental science class at Trent University. http://www.trentu.ca/ers/erst310.shtml Ridley and Low. "Can Selfishness Save the Environment?" in The Atlantic Monthly; September 1993; Volume 272, No. 3; pages 76-86.

Critique of Health Related Information Sources

Critique of Health Related information sources Abstract Background – The internet is a vast source of information containing over 70 000 health related sites and discerning credible sites can often be a challenging task. It is important however so that reliable information can be obtained. Methods – A series of critique questions were devised to determine the credibility of a health based online journal article and health based website. Questions were determined according to guidelines based on accuracy, links to authority, current relevance, scope of coverage, objectivity and design of each source advised by Hendrix and Winters (2001) [2].Findings – Journal Article; was deemed a credible source coming from a peer reviewed journal with many credible references and no apparent bias or conflict of interest. The main author had significant authority and relevance in the given field and discussions were examined in depth. Most limitations are accounted for though no mention was made regarding possible complications of using slightly out dated data. Findings – Website; was deemed a non-credible source according the critique questions.Very few authors could be linked to articles and most articles were associated with product promotion indicating high levels of bias. While articles were maximum 4 years old, no references were made to original findings and therefore age and accuracy of data could not be confirmed. Conclusion – keeping in mind critiquing criteria is important when discerning any information sourced from the internet whether it is peer-reviewed or not as this does not guarantee 100% credibility. The website chosen was relatively easy to discern.More thought and critical thinking would be required to discern more popular health websites. Introduction Websites can be created by anyone with access to a computer and internet [1] and are subject too misleading or incorrect information whether accidentally or maliciously [2]. There are over 70 000 health-related websites available [3] the form of journals, websites, blogs, other social media, the list goes on. As a health professional, one needs to be aware of the extensive amounts of new and existing research available over the internet, but also how to valuate, discern and decide which information is reliable. Deciding the credibility of a website is not always straight forward. Research shows that even credible websites may not necessarily always provide highly accurate health information [4]. A study found internet to be a desirable medium used by collage students with 74% of participants obtaining health information from the internet via websites such as Yahoo, Ask Jeeves and health. com [5].Some of these sites may seem reputable but are not subject to peer-reviewing. Information subject to peer-review, such as online journals, is significantly more likely to be credible and contain reliable information [6]. The aim of this report is to evaluate an d critique, two health related internet sources, a journal article ‘Energy density of foods and beverages in the Australian food supply: influence of macronutrients and comparison to dietary intake’ [7] and a website ‘Goodhealth. com’ [8] MethodsSources were critiqued based on criteria adapted from Hendrix and Winters (2001) [2]. Detailed questions were answered in regards to the following topics; accuracy, links to authority, current relevance, scope of coverage, objectivity and design of each source. This information was then critically analysed to determine the reliability and credibility of each source. Findings Journal Article – Energy density of foods and beverages in the Australian food supply: influence of macronutrients and comparison to dietary intake. [7]This article explores the relationship between energy density and the percentage of energy as fat, carbohydrate or percent water weight of individual foods and beverages listed in the 1999 Australian Food and Nutrient Database [9] composed by Food Standards Australia and New Zealand [10], as well as Australian dietary intake data obtained from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey (9). Links are made between relationships found in this and other studies towards the increase in overweight and obesity in Australia and worldwide.Analysis This is a peer-reviewed study sourced from the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, straight away indicating likely reliability. Methods, while generally clear, failed to sufficiently describe how energy density was calculated for Australian dietary intake data. Logical assumptions can be made as to how this was done, but further clarity is required. Data used was collected from 3673 individual foods, 247 beverages and dietary information from 13 858 people.This high volume of information and participants allowed for greater range of variances and increased reliability of findings. Results clearly presented findings and statistical evid ence to support relationships (or lack of) between energy density and main macronutrient energy source. The article is well referenced, citing 23 references, particularly articles from the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition plus other journals and databases such as the Australian Food and Nutrient Database. According to SciVerse Scopus [7] this article is cited in 13 additional articles.Author, TC Crowe, Associate Professor and academic at the School of Exercise and nutrition at Deakin University has been involved with many studies prior to and since this article [11,12]. Though published in 2004, all the data used is from 1999 and 1995, making it slightly outdated. Due to the nature of the study, date is an unlikely relevant criteria. It is possible an influx of new products could have affected results of the study, though for this to be determined, a similar study would need to be carried out using the most recent AusNut from 2007 [9] .Recent studies that support the findings of this article are referenced throught the discussion, though most focus more on the relationship between energy density and overweight and obesity problems. As this is published in a nutrition journal, it can be assumed that the target audience is a combination of health professionals, academics, university students and government officials. The depth in which the article explains its findings is thorough yet simple, making it easy to understand even without a health or science background.The results section visually represents the data so that relationships can easily be seen and supports with appropriate statistical evidence. The discussion section does not go into great scientific detail but includes supporting information from other studies and focuses on the relationships between energy density and macronutrients and the links towards overweight and obesity issues. There is no apparent evidence towards any conflict of interest regarding the main author and study. Crowe was gu arantor and involved in all stages of the study with support from the remaining authors [7].Data used was collected by independent organisations, which further eliminates any possibility of any bias while publication in a European journal increases credibility from an Australian circle to a more global view. This is an observational study design which provides level III-3 evidence according to the NHMRC guidelines [13]. The design of the methods allowed results to be presented in a clear and concise manner, easily portraying the studies findings. The study acknowledges that it was, however, limited by the following; 1. Population daily food intake was collected over a 24 hour time period.Dietary habits are subject to change daily and different days could present different results. 2. No weighting system was used regarding daily food intake thus may lead to bias by under or over representing a particular food. 3. Comparisons cannot be made between individual foods and population dail y intake due to differences in data sets. Other limiting factors may include differences in food consumption habits and availability between 1995 and 1999. Evaluation The evaluation provides sufficient information to determine this study is a reliable source.While there is some room for improvement in methods and certain limitations need to be noted, it comes from a reliable source and cites many articles from similarly reliable sources. There are no apparent conflicts of interest and whilst slightly outdated, the results are not likely to vary greatly over time. Health Related Website – www. goodhealth. com. au The website titled ‘Good Health Now! ’ [9] is a small collection of health related articles ranging from 2009 to 2012 along with links to recent health related news articles from ABC News [14] and Natural news [15].Many (non news) articles have an external link located within the article. The website is well presented, aesthetically pleasing and seems to supply a varied range of health topics. After short investigation, however, it is apparent information on each topic Is quite limited. Analysis When looking at the accuracy of the website there appears to be no process in which the information has been reviewed or critically analysed before being posted. No references are found within the text nor listed at the end with the exception of one article, which had a direct link to an article from the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition [16].There were however, links in many articles to generally unfamiliar sites relating to the issue of discussion, often offering a product or service. While ABC News appears a reputable source, some headline appear to have authors and quotes or references while others appear to be press releases containing relatively general and basic information. Articles within the website have 1 of 3 author names; Admin, Katrina or Guest. Searching Admin or Katrina produced no information though some information cou ld be found regarding the Guest articles.The end of each Guest article presented a small biography titled either Author Bio, Bio or no heading at all. Those without the heading Author Bio assumed the biography was not regarding the article author. While it is possible to contact site administrators through the site, not contact information is available. Accounting these factors no judgment can be made on any authors level of authority or expertise with the exception of the few named Guest authors where further research would need to be done.Considering the high number of links to related sites promoting products, there is a strong bias towards product awareness, particularly regarding Guest articles. No specific ‘last update’ date was found on the website though each article states the publishing date. Articles range in date from 2009 to 2012 appearing relatively current, however the audience are unable to determine the age of the data this information was sourced from. Aimed at health conscious adults, the website boasted a motto of ‘enabling all the live a healthy, happy life’ with a not so hidden agenda towards advertisement and product promotion.While some articles provided some detailed information many were lacking in detail. The provided a brief overview to draw the customer in [17] but then required them to search further if truly interested. Language and detail was very simple therefore there was lots of room for improvement in detail and coverage of article in general. Evaluation While initially appearing professional, lack of evidence and references significantly demises the source’s credibility, with the high amount of product promotion suggesting excessive levels of bias in featured articles.Combined with lack of detailed, sufficient information this site appears to be neither reliable nor credible. Conclusion Completion of reviewing sources illustrates the importance of evaluating information found on the internet . The critiquing criteria used provided a solid guide to deciphering the reliability of each source. While journal articles are generally deemed a reliable source care must be taken to ensure they are peer-reviewed, even then, this does not guarantee 100% reliability. Consequently, the critiquing criteria should always be kept in mind. Lack of credibility of the Good Health Now! 9] website was quickly apparent once investigation started. A lot more attention and investigation would be required if investigating more well known health websites such as health. com or WebMD. Credibility is a lot less apparent and investigation would become significantly more reliant on the critiquing framework. ? References (1) McGowan J. Evidence-based health care and the Internet. Canadian Medical Association. Journal 1998 Oct 06;159(7):843-843. (2) Hendrickx L, Winters C. Evaluating healthcare information on the Internet: Guidelines for nurses. Crit Care Nurse 2001;21(2):62-5, 67-8. 3) Ahmann E. Supp orting families' savvy use of the Internet for health research. Pediatr Nurs 2000;26(4):419-23. (4) Kunst H, Groot D, Latthe PM, Latthe M, Khan KS. Accuracy of information on apparently credible websites: Survey of five common health topics. Br Med J 2002 Mar 09;324(7337):581-2. (5) Escoffery C, Miner KR, Adame DD, Butler S, al e. Internet Use for Health Information Among College Students. Journal of American College Health 2005;53(4):183-8. (6) Lazaroiu G. The Quality and Credibility of Process Control in Research. Economics, Management and Financial Markets 2012;7(2):185-191. 7) Crowe TC, La Fontaine ,H. A. , Gibbons CJ, Cameron-Smith D, Swinburn BA. Energy density of foods and beverages in the Australian food supply: Influence of macronutrients and comparison to dietary intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58(11):1485-91. (8) Good Health Now! [internet] No Date [cited 2012 Sep 13] Available from: http://www. goodhealth. com. au/ (9) Australian Food and Nutrient Database (1999): Australia n and New Zealand Food Authority. Available from: http://www. foodstandards. gov. au/ (10) McLennan W ; Podger A (1998); National Nutrition Survey. NutrientIntakes and Physical Measurements, Catalogue No. 4805. 0 Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. (11) Crowe TC, Cameron-Smith D. Low-carbohydrate diets in Australia: prevalence and public perceptions. Med J Aust 2005 Jun 06;182(11):594-5. (12) Crowe TC, Seligman SA, Copeland L. Inhibition of enzymic digestion of amylose by free fatty acids in vitro contributes to resistant starch formation. J Nutr 2000;130(8):2006-8. (13) Australian Government – National Health and Medical Research Council. NHMRC Levels of Evidence and Grades for recommendations for developers of guidelines. 2009 Dec. 14) ABC News [Internet] No date [cited 2012 Sep 13] Available from: http://www. abc. net. au/news/ (15) NaturalNews. com [Internet] Not date [cited 2012 Sep 13] Available from: http://www. naturalnews. com/index. html (16) Njike V, Faridi Z, Dutta S, Gonzalez-Simon A, Katz DL. Daily egg consumption in hyperlipidemic adults – Effects on endothelial function and cardiovascular risk. Nutrition Journal 2010;9(1):n/a. (17) Good Health Now! – True Causes of Diabetes [internet] No Date [cited 2012 Sep 13] Available from: http://www. goodhealth. com. au/220/conditions/diabetes/the-true-causes-of-diabetes/

Abuse Of Power And A Desire To Intimidate Education Essay

â€Å" Bullying is a signifier of aggressive behavior which is normally hurtful and deliberate † and involves â€Å" an maltreatment of power and a desire to intimidate and rule † ( Undertaking: 1 ) . However there are many variables that can protect and assist kids survive experiences of intimidation. Children possess many single features which protect and guarantee endurance of strong-arming. A kid should hold a deep consciousness of self-concept â€Å" the set of properties, abilities, attitudes and values that an single believes defines who he or she is † ( pg446 ) , as this allows for grasp of their alone individualism, assurance in their abilities and moral values and reject bullying or isolation for non corroborating with stereotypes or peer force per unit area. They will gain their possible as persons. An of import property of self-concept is Self-esteem, â€Å" the opinions we make about our ain worth and feelings associated with those opinions † . Victims of strong-arming normally â€Å" are diffident or have a weak character † ( Elliot 59 ) therefore a high degree of self-esteem came protect and aid kids survive intimidation and experiences of isolation or bullying as it develops an â€Å" attitude of self-acceptance and self-respect † ( pg449 ) Autonomy Fosters high self-esteem as the kid has a â€Å" sense of one ‘s ain individuality and an ability to move independently and to exercise some control over one ‘s environment, including internal venue of control, and self-efficacy † ( web site ) . Therefore the kid will believe in their individualism and self-respect. As Bernard notes if a kid develops a sense of resiliency and opposition â€Å" declining to accept negative messages about oneself † and of withdrawal â€Å" distancing oneself from disfunction † , the kid will last Acts of the Apostless of intimidation as the kid will recognize that these actions are morally incorrect and discrimative. ( Website ) . In order for the kid to last intimidation and protect themselves they should react â€Å" assertively to a state of affairs, make â€Å" self-asserting statements † and defy use and menaces † Bandura states that a kid ‘s personality features and societal behaviors are reinforced by behaviors environing them, hence an environment where intimidation is non tolerated by grownups must be established as â€Å" Victims demand to be reassured that they are non entirely and that it could go on to anyone † ( Elliot Bullying: 58 ) . Relationships within the household contribute significantly. Parents are universally of import and provide emotional support for their kids to last experiences of isolation, important in protecting kids from effects of intimidation. A strong degree of fond regard would be critical in protecting kids as fond regard behaviors are â€Å" evoked when the person has need of attention or support or comfort â€Å" back up a kid would necessitate if victimised. Parents who adapt an important child-rearing manner will assist protect their kids as it incorporates â€Å" high credence and engagement, adaptative control techniques and appropriate liberty allowing † ( pg564 ) which would further autonomy and individuality in the kid ( Barber & A ; Olsen 1997, Gray & A ; Steinburg 1999, Hart, Newell & A ; Olsen 2002 ) .Ref: This child-rearing manner allows for the development of strong communicating, it encourages the kid to show her ideas feelings and desires hence non to be intimidated by a bully if non conforming with stereotypes. Victims of strong-arming with this secure fond regard and environing environment would experience comfy to inform their parents and seek support if bullied. This type of child-rearing manner has fostered competency such as â€Å" high degrees of self-pride, societal and moral adulthood and favorable school public presentation † ( Amato & A ; Fowler,2002, Anuola, Stattin & A ; Nurmi, 2000, Herman et al, 1997, luster & A ; McAdoo 1996 ; Mackey, Arnold & A ; Pratt, 2001 ; Steinberg, Darling & A ; Fletcher 1995 pg564 ) . A kid who has dignity and self- worth will last and protect themselves from strong-arming as they will non yield to intimadation but gain and esteem their individuality. It can take the kid to a mature underatnding their alone features are valued in community and should non be a factor in their isolation. Besides relationships with siblings can be seen as an country for emotional support. Older siblings frequently â €Å" aided younger siblings with academic and equal challenges † ( pg576 ) and may help development of resiliency to effects of intimidation. Teachers can work collaboratively with parents as â€Å" There are many advantages in parents and instructors working in partnership † ( Besag, 1989, 1992, 1999, Randall, 1996: Bullying Michael Elliot ) . Relationships in school in peculiar instructor patterns can protect kids from experiences of intimidation. The personality and values that a instructor brings to the schoolroom can act upon the degree of protection available to kids from. The instructor should make a positive acquisition environment where intimidation is frowned upon but friendly relationship and value of persons are to the bow. A stating ambiance should be established where the kids feel confident to seek support or study strong-arming behavior. Merely as the issues outlined in â€Å" Guidelines on Countering Bullying Behaviour in Primary and Post Primary Schools † ( 1993 ) the instructors must be argus-eyed for strong-arming behavior, maintain clear records of incidents, and be alert of any academic or physical marks of intimidation. The instructor â€Å" through course of study work on intimidation, can raise awareness amongst students about strong-arming behavior and they can dispute attitudes about strong-arming behavior, addition apprehension for bullied students and assist construct an anti-bullying ethos in the school † . ( undertaking bulling LAN ) . Drama is a powerful convention that can be used to research intimidation and for kids to discourse their feelings and understanding about intimidation. However the instructor must be careful non to promote free function drama of intimidation, but use play to raise consciousness of strong-arming through a fictional lens. Teacher can besides utilize literacy to research intimidation as there are many novels that deal with intimidation in a sensitive mode such as â€Å" The Diddakoi † by Rumer Godden. ( undertaking strong-arming local area network ) . The instructor can advance high ego esteem through topics such as SPHE by prosecuting the kids in games depicting themselves to their equals, raising their self-respect and assurance. It must be noted that positive relationships with friends in school can assist protect kids from strong-arming as they excessively provide a secure base supplying comfort and support to get the better of bullying and isolation. Besides a individual they can confide in or look to for support in stating a parent or instructor. Teachers â€Å" have small opportunity of successfully assisting victims unless a school has a clear, well-developed, anti-bullying scheme † ( Elliot:58 ) The school must develop an appropriate anti-bullying ethos and policy â€Å" which establishes a clear set of agreed purposes which provide students, staff and parents with a sense of way and an apprehension of the committedness of the school to cover with strong-arming behavior which provides a â€Å" model for intercession and bar † ( undertaking LAN ) .The policy gives staff an apprehension and to be â€Å" consistent in their attack to strong-arm behavior and to advance anti-bullying values within the school. â€Å" ( Tacking LAN ) . Culture affects the construct of intimidation, in this manner a policy associating to strong-arming must see the societal economic and spiritual values of a society. Different civilizations reflect different values which influence the policy as a school with values is cognizant of the importance of incorporating with the community ( DEB omoore ) . Besides the cultural group that a kid is from influences their protection and endurance as different cultural groups use assorted raising manners which result in different features in the kid. Different cultural groupings in societies reflect different attitudes ethical motives and in bend usage different raising manners hence kids. The community should work in partnership with the school. Parents ‘ councils could be established in the school where the community involved in â€Å" outlining new or revised school policy/codes † and besides these councils should â€Å" guarantee that their local communities are bully-free † to guarantee a comprehensive attack to strong-arming in all facets of the kid ‘s life: at place, in school and in the community. It is apparent that through a comprehensive inclusive attack to strong-arming those kids can be protected and survive experiences of intimidation.

Modern Female Infanticide in Asia

Modern Female Infanticide in Asia In China and India alone, an estimated 2,000,000 baby girls go missing each year. They are selectively aborted, killed as newborns, or abandoned and left to die. Neighboring countries with similar cultural traditions, such as South Korea and Nepal, have also faced this problem.   What are the traditions that lead to this massacre of baby girls? What modern laws and policies have addressed or exacerbated the problem? The root causes of female infanticide are similar but not exactly the same in Confucian countries like China and South Korea, versus predominantly Hindu countries such as India and Nepal. India and Nepal According to Hindu tradition, women are lower incarnations than men of the same caste. A woman cannot obtain release (moksha) from the cycle of death and rebirth. On a more practical day-to-day level, women traditionally could not inherit property or carry on the family name. Sons were expected to take care of their elderly parents in return for inheriting the family farm or shop. Daughters drained the family of resources  because they had to have an expensive dowry to get married; a son, of course, would bring dowry wealth into the family. A womans social status was so dependent on that of her husband that if he died and left her a widow, she was often expected to commit sati rather than going back to her birth family. As a result of these beliefs, parents had a strong preference for sons. A baby girl was seen as a robber, who would cost the family money to raise, and who then would take her dowry and go to a new family when she got married. For centuries, sons were given more food in times of scarcity, better medical care, and more parental attention and affection. If a family felt like they had too many daughters already, and another girl was born, they might smother her with a damp cloth, strangle her, or leave her outside to die. In recent years, advances in medical technology have made the problem much worse. Instead of waiting nine months to see which gender the baby would be, families today have access to ultrasounds that can tell them the childs gender just four months into the pregnancy. Many families who want a son will abort a female fetus. Sex determination tests are illegal in India, but doctors routinely accept bribes to carry out the procedure, and such cases are almost never prosecuted. The results of gender-selective abortion have been stark. The normal sex ratio at birth is about 105 males for each 100 females  because girls naturally survive to adulthood more often than boys. Today, for each 105 boys born in India, only 97 girls are born. In the most skewed district of Punjab, the ratio is 105 boys to 79 girls. Although these numbers dont look too alarming, in a country as populous as India, that translates to 37 million more men than women as of 2014. This imbalance has contributed to a rapid rise in horrific crimes against women. It seems logical that where women are a rare commodity, they would be treasured and treated with great respect. However, what happens in practice is that men commit more acts of violence against women where the gender balance is skewed. In recent years, women in India have faced increasing threats of rape, gang rape, and murder, in addition to domestic abuse from their husbands or their parents-in-law. Some women are killed for failing to produce sons, perpetuating the cycle. Sadly, this problem seems to be growing more common in Nepal, as well. Many women there cannot afford an ultrasound to determine the sex of their fetuses, so they kill or abandon baby girls after they are born. The reasons for the recent increase in female infanticide in Nepal are not clear. China and South Korea In China and South Korea, peoples behavior and attitudes today are still shaped to a large degree by the teachings of Confucius, an ancient Chinese sage. Among his teachings were the ideas that men are superior to women, and that sons have a duty to take care of their parents when the parents grow too old to work.   Girls, in contrast, were seen as a burden to raise, just as they were in India. They could not carry on the family name or blood-line, inherit the family property, or perform as much manual labor on the family farm. When a girl married, she was lost to a new family, and in centuries past, her birth parents might never see her again if she moved to a different village to marry. Unlike India, however, Chinese women do not have to provide a dowry when they marry. This makes the financial cost of raising a girl less onerous. However, the Chinese governments One Child Policy, enacted in 1979, has led to gender imbalance similar to Indias. Faced with the prospect of only having a single child, most parents in China preferred to have a son. As a result, they would abort, kill, or abandon baby girls. To help alleviate the problem, the Chinese government altered the policy to allow parents to have a second child if the first one was a girl, but many parents still do not want to bear the expense of raising and educating two children, so they will get rid of girl babies until they get a boy. In parts of China today, there are 140 men for every 100 women. The lack of brides for all of those extra men means that they cannot have children and carry on their families names, leaving them as barren branches. Some families resort to kidnapping girls in order to marry them to their sons. Others import brides from Vietnam, Cambodia, and other Asian nations. In South Korea, too, the current number of marriage-age men is much larger than the available women. This is because, in the 1990s, South Korea had the worst gender-at-birth imbalance in the world. Parents still clung to their traditional beliefs about the ideal family, even as the economy grew explosively and people grew wealthy. In addition, educating children about the sky-high standards common in Korea is very expensive. As a result of growing wealth, most families had access to ultrasounds and abortions, and the nation as a whole saw 120 boys being born for every 100 girls throughout the 1990s. As in China, some South Korean men today are bringing brides in from other Asian countries. However, it is a difficult adjustment for these women, who usually dont speak Korean and dont understand the expectations that will be placed on them in a Korean family - particularly the enormous expectations around their childrens education. Yet South Korea is a success story. In just a couple of decades, the gender-at-birth ratio has normalized at about 105 boys per 100 girls. This is mostly a result of changing social norms. Couples in South Korea have realized that women today have more opportunities to earn money and gain prominence - the current prime minister is a woman, for example. As capitalism booms, some sons have abandoned the custom of living with and caring for their elderly parents, who are now more likely to turn to their daughters for old-age care. Daughters are growing ever more valuable. There are still families in South Korea with, for example, a 19-year-old daughter and a 7-year-old son. The implication of these bookend families is that several other daughters were aborted in between. But the South Korean experience shows that improvements in the social status and earning potential of women can have a profoundly positive effect on the birth ratio. It can actually prevent female infanticide.

How to Raise Your Hand in Class

How to Raise Your Hand in Class Do you get the urge to sink into your chair when you know the answer to a question that your teacher has asked? Of course you already know how to raise your hand. But do you avoid it because its scary? Many students find that their entire vocabulary (and ability to think) disappears when they try to speak up in class. If this sounds familiar, youre not alone. But there are a few reasons why you should build up that courage and express yourself. For one thing, youll find that you become more self-assured every time you speak up (as painful as it may seen at the time), so the experience gets easier and easier. And another good reason? Your teacher will appreciate it. After all, teachers enjoy feedback and participation. By raising your hand in class, youre showing the teacher that you really care about your classroom performance. This can pay off at report card time! Difficulty Hard (scary sometimes) Time Required From 5 minutes to 5 weeks for comfort Heres How Do your reading assignments before you go to class. This is important for giving yourself a strong sense of self-confidence. You should go to class with an understanding of the topic at hand.Review the previous days notes right before class. On the margins of your notes, write down key words that will help you locate a certain topic quickly. Once again, the more prepared you feel, the more at ease youll feel when you speak in class.Now that youve done all the necessary reading, you should feel confident about the lecture material. Take excellent notes as your teacher lectures. Jot down key words in the margins of your notes if you have time.When the teacher asks a question, quickly locate the topic using your key words.Take a moment to breath and relax. Sort your thoughts by creating a mental outline in your head.With your writing hand, jot down a brief outline of your thoughts in response to the teachers question if you have time.Raise your other hand in the air.Dont feel pressured to blurt out your answer quickly. Look or think over your outline. Answer deliberately and slowly if necessary. Tips Dont ever be embarrassed by your answer! If its partly right, youve done a good job. If its completely off-base, the teacher will probably realize that he/she needs to re-word the question.Keep trying, even if you turn red and stammer at first. Youll find that it gets easier with experience.Dont get cocky! If you get lots of answers right and you get proud and cocky about it, others will think youre obnoxious. That wont do you any good. Dont alienate yourself by trying to impress the teacher. Your social life is important, too. What You Need One hand.A pencil and paper.Good class notes.The confidence that comes with doing the readings.A little courage.